What method can be used to undermine an author's qualified conclusion?

To undermine an author's qualified conclusion, introducing new possibilities is effective because it challenges the assumptions or constraints that the author has put in place. A qualified conclusion often suggests that while the author believes a certain outcome is likely, there are still variables at play that could affect this outcome. By presenting new possibilities, one can demonstrate that there are unforeseen factors or alternate explanations that the author did not consider, thereby weakening the certainty of the original conclusion.

Considering the other options, providing statistical evidence might support the author's conclusion rather than undermining it. Pointing out a contradiction could suggest an inconsistency, but it may not directly refute the qualified conclusion itself. Reinforcing the given data would likely strengthen the author's argument, not weaken it. Therefore, the introduction of new possibilities directly challenges the premise of a qualified conclusion, allowing for the possibility that the conclusion might not hold true.